Hub neurons spotted in the wild
The prevailing model for how the network of the brain is organized is the “small-world” network. In such a network, most units, or nodes, are very sparsely and only locally connected. However, a very small proportion of nodes, called hubs, are very highly connected, and over longer distances. These hubs thus provide an indirect but short pathway of connectivity between any two nodes in the network (like people with thousands of “friends” on Facebook). This overall architecture is highly efficient and robust and can be observed not just at the level of networks of neurons but also at a higher level of brain organization, in the pattern of connectivity of cortical areas. Indeed, it is also typical of genetic, social and many other networks, including the internet.
In the brain, the existence of hub neurons had thus been hypothesised, but these beasts had not actually been observed until a recent study by Rosa Cossart and colleagues. They were analysing the activity patterns of very large numbers of neurons in the developing hippocampus. At this stage, network activity in the hippocampus consists of fairly simple, large and rhythmic depolarisations, which are easily detected. (These oscillations are known to be crucial for the normal maturation of the network).
By observing the activity of large numbers of neurons over time, these researchers were able to examine which neurons in the network fired in synchrony with each other – these were deemed to be “functionally connected”. Most neurons were functionally connected with only a small number of other neurons in the network. However, a small subset was very highly connected – these neurons behaved like hubs in the network. The overall architecture fit the small-world model very well.
As well as recording the activity of the neurons they were also able to directly stimulate individual cells. Stimulating the sparsely connected neurons did not have much effect on the activity of the rest of the network. In contrast, stimulating the hub neurons had dramatic effects, directly activating many other neurons in the network and also affecting the synchrony of firing – in some cases greatly increasing it and in others completely abolishing it.
The hub neurons have several interesting properties: first, they are GABAergic – i.e., when they synapse on another cell they release the neurotransmitter GABA. In adults this tends to inhibit the activity of the recipient neuron, though in developing networks, GABA has excitatory effects. They also have very extensive axonal arborisations – they project over larger distances and make a greater number of and stronger synaptic connections than non-hub neurons. Finally, they are also more responsive to inputs and quicker to fire action potentials themselves, placing them in a position to orchestrate the responses of the entire network.
Though hub neurons have so far only been observed in the hippocampus it seems almost certain that they will also be found in the cortex, where their effects may be fundamental for the information processing capabilities of the brain.
Bonifazi, P., Goldin, M., Picardo, M., Jorquera, I., Cattani, A., Bianconi, G., Represa, A., Ben-Ari, Y., & Cossart, R. (2009). GABAergic Hub Neurons Orchestrate Synchrony in Developing Hippocampal Networks Science, 326 (5958), 1419-1424 DOI: 10.1126/science.1175509
This is a great post. Please keep us informed as science researches further into this.
ReplyDeleteAs someone with fibromyalgia, it seems that research in this direction could be promising.
Wonderful post!
ReplyDeleteI've been wondering this forever and never saw any posts one way or the other on it.
Yet more evidence that we live in a fractal world.
Be well
Thai
Actually, while I'm commenting, do you happen to know of any links/research on whether consciousness can be considered/modeled as a Bose-Einstein condensate?
ReplyDeleteThis may seem like an off the wall comment if you don't know what I'm talking about but in the setting of your hub neuron post, I figured you might, especially in lieu of the following discovery about scale free networks and Bose-Einstein condensates.
Again, wonderful blog
Be well
I am afraid Bose-Einstein condensates are a bit above my pay-grade, though I get the gist of where you're going. There is a lot of interesting literature on chaotic attractors in neuronal networks, especially in conscious vs subconscious perception and in the representation of different stimuli (odours, for example) in network states, or more, precisely, in the trajectories taken by the network to reach a particular state. If you are comfortable with the mathematics, this is a nice paper by Gustavo Deco and colleagues:
ReplyDeletehttp://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000092
Thanks.
ReplyDeleteI've actually had this theory that consciousness is a room temperature Bose-Einsten condensate (BEC). And the thing about it is should should be actually testable.
Since we can pick up the signature signal of a BEC at low temperature as a gas condenses to one, we should similarly be able to pick up the signature of one if it exists at room temperature in the electrical signals of the brain.
... Actually it shouldn't be all that hard. And of course, it we find it, think of the implications. ;-)
I'll take a look at your paper but I'm just a typical clinical physician. Math is not my thing either.
If you ever hear of anything and or think you know a neuroscientist who might have a few thoughts on this matter, I'd greatly appreciate it if you'd share.
Again, the attraction of the idea to me is it should be easily testable in a lab.
Be well
PS- they are not so complicated.
ReplyDeleteI hope this helps with your raise.
... So if the theory is true, a Nobel prize was awarded to a BEC for discovering itself. ;-)
Be well
Interesting! Now we just need to find them in adults, I guess...
ReplyDeleteWonderful post! This is very useful to many readers like me. Being a student, I am requiring myself
ReplyDeleteto read articles more often and your writing just caught my interest. Thank you so much!
viagra online
I am so happy to read this. This is the kind of manual that needs to be given and not the random misinformation that's at the other blogs. Thanks for sharing this. I just came across your blog and reading your beautiful words. I thought I would leave my first comment but I don't know what to say except that I have enjoyed reading. Nice blog. I will keep visiting this blog very often.anxiety disorder
ReplyDeleteThere is not much more than that.
ReplyDeletesports-book.co